Analogy of dating methods used by paleontologists

Geologic time was the first method scientists used to understand the . Let's use this analogy: my High School Era is defined as “the time Using radiometric dating methods, we can link absolute time to geologic time.
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What has emerged from these studies is spectacular cellular complexity prior to expansion of the eukaryotic lineages.

Analogy of dating methods used by paleontologists · GitBook (Legacy)

Multiple reconstructed cellular systems indicate a very sophisticated biology, which by implication arose following the initial eukaryogenesis event but prior to eukaryotic radiation and provides a challenge in terms of explaining how these early eukaryotes arose and in understanding how they lived. Here, we provide brief overviews of several cellular systems and the major emerging conclusions, together with predictions for subsequent directions in evolution leading to extant taxa. We also consider what these reconstructions suggest about the life styles and capabilities of these earliest eukaryotes and the period of evolution between the radiation of eukaryotes and the eukaryogenesis event itself.

Can oncology recapitulate paleontology? Lessons from species extinctions. Walther, Viola; Hiley, Crispin T. Although we can treat cancers with cytotoxic chemotherapies, target them with molecules that bind to oncogenic drivers, and induce substantial cell death with radiation, local and metastatic tumours recur, resulting in extensive morbidity and mortality. It is difficult to drive a tumour to extinction. By contrast, we are nowhere near that level of success in cancer therapy. The phenomena are broadly analogous.

In both cases, a genetically diverse population mutates and evolves through natural selection. The goal of cancer therapy is to cause cancer cell population extinction or at least to limit any further increase in population size, so the tumour burden does not overwhelm the patient. However, despite available treatments, complete responses are rare, and partial responses are limited in duration. Many patients eventually relapse with tumours that evolve from cells that survive therapy. Similarly, species are remarkably resilient to environmental change.


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Paleontology can show us the conditions that lead to extinction and the characteristics of species that make them resistant to extinction. These lessons could be translated to improve cancer therapy and prognosis. Ten years in the library: A comparison is made between compilations of times of origination and extinction of fossil marine animal families published in and As a result of ten years of library research, half of the information in the compendia has changed: Despite these changes, apparent macroevolutionary patterns for the entire marine fauna have remained constant.

All major events of radiation and extinction are identical.

Therefore, errors in large paleontological data bases and arbitrariness of included taxa are not necessarily impediments to the analysis of pattern in the fossil record, so long as the data are sufficiently numerous. Petrologic Characteristics of the Lunar Surface. Petrologic analysis of the lunar surface is critical for determining lunar formation and evolution.

Here, we report the first global petrologic map that includes the five most important lunar lithological units: Based on the petrologic map and focusing on four long-debated and important issues related to lunar formation and evolution, we draw the following conclusions from the new insights into the global distribution of the five petrologic units: Modeling and Databases for Teaching Petrology. With the widespread availability of high-speed computers with massive storage and ready transport capability of large amounts of data, computational and petrologic modeling and the use of databases provide new tools with which to teach petrology.

Analogy of methods for dating rock and fossils used by paleontologists

Modeling can be used to gain insights into a system, predict system behavior, describe a system's processes, compare with a natural system or simply to be illustrative. These aspects result from data driven or empirical, analytical or numerical models or the concurrent examination of multiple lines of evidence.

At the same time, use of models can enhance core foundations of the geosciences by improving critical thinking skills and by reinforcing prior knowledge gained. However, the use of modeling to teach petrology is dictated by the level of expectation we have for students and their facility with modeling approaches. Whatever the desired level of sophistication, specific elements of design should be incorporated into a modeling exercise for effective teaching. Databases offer another avenue with which to explore petrology.

Large datasets are available that allow integration of multiple lines of evidence to attack a petrologic problem or understand a petrologic process. These are collected into a database that offers a tool for exploring, organizing and analyzing the data. Petrology and Geochemistry of Mercury. Such data are key to constraining models for Mercury's formation and early evolution. Large-scale spatial variations in the MESSENGER geochemical datasets have also led to the designation of several geochemical "terrains" across Mercury's surface, which do not always align to otherwise mapped geological regions.

The results show that there are substantial differences in the precise mineral compositions and abundances among the different terrains, but Mercury's surface appears to be dominated by Mg-rich olivines and pyroxenes, as well as plagioclase and sulphide phases. Depending on the classification scheme used, Mercury's ultramafic surface rocks can thus be described as similar in nature to terrestrial boninites, andesites, norites, or gabbros.

Petrological Mapping of the Crater Boguslawsky. An analysis of orbital spectral data of the crater Boguslawsky, the intended target region of the Russian Luna-Glob mission, is performed. We have constructed a high- resolution DEM of the crater Boguslawsky, based on which the temperature regime on the surface is investigated. The depth of the OH absorption feature is analysed. The content of the main elements is estimated, and a petrologic map is constructed accordingly.

Mechanics of wind ripple stratigraphy. Stratigraphic patterns preserved under translating surface undulations or ripples in a depositional eolian environment are computed on a grain by grain basis using physically based cellular automata models.


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    • The spontaneous appearance, growth, and motion of the simulated ripples correspond in many respects to the behavior of natural ripples. The simulations show that climbing strata can be produced by impact alone; direct action of fluid shear is unnecessary. The model provides a means for evaluating the connection between mechanical processes occurring in the paleoenvironment during deposition and the resulting stratigraphy preserved in the geologic column: An online resource meeting the needs a spectrum of learners.

    The Paleontology Portal website provides a central, interactive entry point to high-quality North American paleontology resources on the Internet for multiple audiences: The Portal successfully blends research and education, pulling together information with reviewed and annotated website links for a wide variety of informal learners.

    Using web-based technology and relational databases, users can explore an interactive map and associated stratigraphic column to access information about particular geographic regions, geologic time periods, depositional environments, and representative taxa. Users are also able to search multiple museum collection databases using a single query form of their own design.

    Other features include highlights of famous fossil sites and assemblages and a fossil image gallery. Throughout the site, users find images and links to information specific to each time period or geographic region, including current research projects and publications, websites, on-line exhibits and educational materials, and information on collecting fossils. The next phase of development will target the development of resource modules on topics such as collection management and fossil preparation, appropriate for users ranging from the general public to professional paleontologists.

    Another initiative includes developing methods of personalizing the Portal to support exhibits at museums and other venues on geological history and paleontology. Paleoportal serves as an effective model in two aspects: The Example of Manfred Reichel. Scientific illustration is a fundamental tool to communicate information through a form of nonverbal language with its own grammar and syntax.

    Contrary to the idea of scientific illustration as a simple scientific analytic tool, without a personal identity, we present an example where rigor is intrinsically linked to a high sensibility, and a deep knowledge of drawing that brings as a result a beautiful piece of art. Humble by nature, he assumed he would not become a great artist, as he would tell his students. His point of view in micropaleontology, focused in foraminifera, protozoa with a complex shell, had an impact on his students and other specialists. His background in art benefited him in the research of the more complex foraminiferal structures, which he clarified by means of rich illustrations, with a high degree of beauty, inspired by the French naturalists.

    His research on the study of the shell of some foraminiferal groups, such as alveolinids, orbitolinids and fusulinids, produced some superb illustrations, which display their complex structure in such a comprehensible way that they could not be improved by modern techniques and are still used today. As a professor of paleontology , he trained his students in drawing to enhance the level of description of their illustrations.

    When the interpretation turned out to be too difficult, he would encourage them to reconstruct the architecture of foraminifera, creating a 3D model, in order to visualize how the drawing should be. Due to his interest on ornithology and the mechanics of flight, he also created pictorial illustrations of birds, published in magazines and books.

    This study is a research project focused on the implementation of problem-based learning in an honors, paleontology -oriented, Earth Science course. The course, the Age of Dinosaurs, is taught at the University of Texas at Dallas to undergraduates from a range of majors who seek core-curriculum science credit. All class work is centered on fossils…. Oligocene terrestrial strata of northwestern Ethiopia: The Paleogene record of Afro-Arabia is represented by few fossil localities, most of which are coastal.

    Here we report sedimentological and paleontological data from continental Oligocene strata in northwestern Ethiopia. These have produced abundant plant fossils and unique assemblages of vertebrates, thus filling a gap in what is known of Paleogene interior Afro Paleontological resources may only be disturbed or removed in conjunction with scientific research and only upon the issuance of prior written authorization of the disturbance or removal The timing of the origin and diversification of rodents remains controversial, due to conflicting results from molecular clocks and paleontological data.

    The fossil record tends to support an early Cenozoic origin of crown-group rodents. In contrast, most molecular studies place the origin and initial diversification of crown-Rodentia deep in the Cretaceous, although some molecular analyses have recovered estimated divergence times that are more compatible with the fossil record. Here we attempt to resolve this conflict by carrying out a molecular clock investigation based on a nine-gene sequence dataset and a novel set of seven fossil constraints, including two new rodent records the earliest known representatives of Cardiocraniinae and Dipodinae.

    Our results indicate that rodents originated around These estimates are broadly consistent with the paleontological record, but challenge previous molecular studies that place the origin and early diversification of rodents in the Cretaceous. This study demonstrates that, with reliable fossil constraints, the incompatibility between paleontological and molecular estimates of rodent divergence times can be eliminated using currently available tools and genetic markers. Similar conflicts between molecular and paleontological evidence bedevil attempts to establish the origination times of other placental groups.

    The example of the present study suggests that more reliable fossil calibration points may represent the key to resolving these controversies. The textbook is currently one of the driving instruments of teaching and learning. In the analysis of the contents of paleontology in geography textbooks, these books are important because they reveal problems embedded in these works and allow a more informed choice of books for the approach.

    In this work we performed an analysis of the approach….

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    Sedimentology of gas-bearing Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin. Sedimentology of the Devonian shales and its relationship to gas, oil, and uranium are reported. Information about the gas bearing Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin is organized in the following sections: This project " Petrological analysis of astrophysical dust analog evolution" was initiated to try to understand the vapor phase condensation, and the nature of the reaction products, in circumstellar environments, such as the solar nebula 4, Myrs ago, and in the interstellar medium.

    Telescope-based infrared [IR] spectroscopy offers a broad-scale inventory of the various types of dust in these environments but no details on small-scale variations in terms of chemistry and morphology and petrological phase relationships. Vapor phase condensation in these environments is almost certainly a non-equilibrium process.

    The main challenge to this research was to document the nature of this process that, based on astrophysical observations, seems to yield compositionally consistent materials. This observation may suggest a predictable character during non-equilibrium condensation. These astrophysical environments include two chemically distinct, that is, oxygen-rich and carbon-rich environments.

    The former is characterized by silicates the latter by carbon-bearing solids. Structural stratigraphy of Austin Chalk. Three mechanical-stratigraphic units are recognized as: The experimentally determined ductilities do parallel those determined from outcrop and subsurface studies. Through multiple linear regression analyses of strength versus intrinsic rock properties and environmental parameters, it appears that first porosity and then smectite-content are most strongly correlated with strength. For low-porosity specimens 9 to SEM photomicrographs show that the clays are smeared-out along the induced shear fracture surfaces where they are greatly reduced in grain-size.

    These observations suggest that the smectite acts mechanically as a soft-inclusion, localizing shear failure and correspondingly weakening the material. Remanent magnetization stratigraphy of lunar cores. Depth dependent fluctuations have been observed in the natural remanent magnetizations NRM of drive cores and drill strings from Apollo 16 and 17 missions.