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Table of contents
- Public Library of US Diplomacy: PlusD
- Cable: 08ASMARA_a
- Second Italo-Ethiopian War
- Submit documents to WikiLeaks
Take a leap of faith, and let your friend play matchmaker! And who do you know best? For most of us, the answer would be our parents. We understand the idea of having your parents find you a mate sounds cheesy and old-fashioned. But really, what do you have to lose? Our parents, steeped as they are in tradition, will often apply subtle and not so subtle pressure on their children in pushing them towards finding an Eritrean mate.
Relationships involve big choices, so while your parents can be a big tool in finding other young singles, make sure your decisions are your own and for the right reasons. In any case, if the relationship becomes serious enough, one or both of you can relocate. The Eritrean diaspora is weighed down by heavy social and political divisions. This is why we started EDN.
In our view, it is important not to be a prisoner of the ethnic, religious, and political divisions that characterize our society when making decisions about courtship and marriage. The Eritrean diaspora is diverse, and you improve your chances of finding a mate when you let go of the biases that characterize the thinking of older generations.
If we want to heal our society and promote reconciliation, then we should start with our own personal choices. These are our top eight tips for dating in the Eritrean diaspora. What do you think of our list? Have any other tips you wish to add? So, Eritreans are advice only to date members from their country and community only. I see the more reason why my marriage with and Eritrean lady failed because of the influence of members from their community especially the parents.
The advice to limit your relationship within Eritrean community should be looked into and revised. Our advice is for those who desire to find an Eritrean mate. I have reservation on No. In any case, I think it depends on how dear one holds their religious or political identity and how serious the briers are. Thanks for your comment, Samuel! We hope you were able to share this post with your friends as well.
We understand your reservation to no. Your email address will not be published. Here are eight helpful tips for finding an Eritrea mate: But, you should also temper your expectations While attending Eritrean events is a good way to find other young singles, try not to have overly high expectations. There were , Italian soldiers in Eritrea and , in Italian Somaliland with 3, machine guns, artillery pieces, tankettes and aircraft. Eight regular, mountain and blackshirt militia infantry divisions arrived in Eritrea and four regular infantry divisions arrived in Italian Somaliland, consisting of about , soldiers and a great number of logistical and support units; the Italian force included journalists.
The Regia Marina Royal Navy carried tons of ammunition, food and other supplies, with the motor vehicles to move them, while the Ethiopians had only horse-drawn carts. The most effective of these Italian commanded units were the Eritrean native infantry Ascari who were often used as advanced troops. The Eritreans also provided cavalry and artillery units; the "Falcon Feathers" Penne di Falco was one prestigious and colourful Eritrean cavalry unit. Other RCTC units employed in the invasion of Ethiopia were irregular Somali frontier troops dubats , regular Arab-Somali infantry and artillery and infantry from Libya.
Public Library of US Diplomacy: PlusD
The Sultan was motivated by his desire to take back lands that the Ethiopians had taken from him. The Italian colonial forces even included men from Yemen , across the Gulf of Aden. The Italians were reinforced by volunteers from the so-called Italiani all'estero Italian emigres from Argentina , Uruguay and Brazil who formed the st Legion in the Divisione Tevere and a special Legione Parini , that fought under Frusci near Dire Dawa. Initially he had two divisions and a variety of smaller units under his command, a mixture of Italians, Somalis, Eritreans, Libyans and others.
De Bono regarded Italian Somaliland as a secondary theatre that needed primarily to defend itself and possibly aid the main front with offensive thrusts if the enemy forces there were not too large. Forty-year-old Iyasu had been deposed many years earlier but was still in custody. In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy. On the Italian side, roads had been constructed right up to the border. On the Ethiopian side, these roads often transitioned into vaguely defined paths.
On 11 October, Gugsa surrendered with 1, followers at the Italian outpost at Adagamos; Italian propagandists lavishly publicised the surrender but fewer than a tenth of Gugsa's men defected with him. De Bono entered the city riding triumphantly on a white horse and then looted the Obelisk of Axum.
On 14 November , the National government in Britain led by Stanley Baldwin won a general election on a platform of upholding collective security and support for the League of Nations, which at least implied that Britain would support Ethiopia. Under this pact, Italy would gain the best parts of Ogaden, Tigray and economic influence over all the southern part of Abyssinia. Abyssinia would have a guaranteed corridor to the sea at the port of Assab ; the corridor was a poor one and known as a "corridor for camels".
The British government disassociated itself from the pact and the British Foreign Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare was forced to resign in disgrace. The Christmas Offensive was intended to split the Italian forces in the north with the Ethiopian centre, crushing the Italian left with the Ethiopian right and to invade Eritrea with the Ethiopian left. Ras Seyum Mangasha held the area around Abiy Addi with about 30, men.
Amba Aradam was a steep sided, flat topped mountain directly in the way of an Italian advance on Addis Ababa. Ras Imru and his Army of Shire were on the Ethiopian left. The Italian commander, Major Criniti, commanded a force of 1, Eritrean infantry supported by L3 tanks. When the Ethiopians attacked, the Italian force fell back to the pass, only to discover that 2, Ethiopian soldiers were already there and Criniti's force was encircled. In the first Ethiopian attack, two Italian officers were killed and Criniti was wounded. The Italians tried to break out using their L3 tanks but the rough terrain immobilised the vehicles.
The Ethiopians killed the infantry, then rushed the tanks and killed their two-man crews. Italian forces organised a relief column made up of tanks and infantry to relieve Critini but it was ambushed en route. Ethiopians on the high ground rolled boulders in front of and behind several of the tanks, to immobilise them, picked off the Eritrean infantry and swarmed the tanks. The other tanks were immobilised by the terrain, unable to advance further and two were set on fire. Critini managed to break-out in a bayonet charge and half escaped; Italian casualties were 31 Italians and Askari killed and five Italians taken prisoner; Ethiopian casualties were estimated by the Italians to be , which was probably greatly exaggerated.
Cable: 08ASMARA_a
Ras Mulugeta would then descend from Amba Aradam and crush both corps. According to this plan, after Ras Imru retook Adwa, he was to invade Eritrea. In November, the League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression and imposed economic sanctions. This excluded oil, however, an indispensable raw material for the conduct of any modern military campaign, and this favoured Italy.
The Ethiopians were very poorly armed, with few machine guns, their troops mainly armed with swords and spears. Some Italians objected when they found out but the practices were kept secret, the government issuing denials or spurious stories blaming the Ethiopians. As the progress of the Christmas Offensive slowed, Italian plans to renew the advance on the northern front began as Mussolini had given permission to use poison gas but not mustard gas and Badoglio received the Italian III Corps and the Italian IV Corps in Eritrea during early The forces of Ras Kassa were defeated, the Italians using phosgene gas and suffering 1, casualties against 8, Ethiopian casualties according to an Ethiopian wireless message intercepted by the Italians.
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could vaporize, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, fifteen, eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January , soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain.
To systematically kill all living creatures, to more surely poison waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its chief method of warfare. The Ethiopians suffered massive losses and poison gas destroyed a small part of Ras Mulugeta's army, according to the Ethiopians. During the slaughter following the attempted withdrawal of his army, both Ras Mulugeta and his son were killed.
The Italians lost killed and wounded while the Ethiopians lost 6, killed and 12, wounded.
Ethiopians again argued that poison gas played a role in the destruction of the withdrawing armies. In early March, the army of Ras Imru was attacked, bombed and defeated in what was known as the Battle of Shire. In the battles of Amba Aradam, Tembien and Shire, the Italians suffered about 2, casualties and the Ethiopians about 15,; Italian casualties at the Battle of Shire being men.
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On 31 March at the Battle of Maychew , the Italians defeated an Ethiopian counter-offensive by the main Ethiopian army commanded by Selassie. The Ethiopians launched near non-stop attacks on the Italian and Eritrean defenders but could not overcome the well-prepared Italian defences. When the exhausted Ethiopians withdrew, the Italians counter-attacked.
The Regia Aeronautica attacked the survivors at Lake Ashangi with mustard gas. The Italian troops had casualties, the Eritreans and the Ethiopians suffered 8, casualties from 31, men present according to an Italian estimate. Early activities included stealing war materials, rolling boulders off cliffs at passing convoys, kidnapping messengers, cutting telephone lines, setting fire to administrative offices and fuel and ammunition dumps , and killing collaborators.
As disruption increased, the Italians were forced to redeploy more troops to Tigray, away from the campaign further south. On 3 October , Graziani implemented the Milan Plan to remove Ethiopian forces from various frontier posts and to test the reaction to a series of probes all along the southern front.
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