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- What Is The Sensitive Approach To Dating With Project Risk
- In Search of Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors for Teen Dating Violence
We began by testing the simple main-effects models for physical and sexual TDV. We therefore present the results aggregated across gender. We next tested the full moderation model with physical TDV as the main outcome. We assessed the equality of the full model containing conditional effects, the two-way interactions, and the three-way interaction term across genders.
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Therefore, we explicated the statistical models separately within each gender. For both boys and girls, the three-way interaction term predicting physical TDV was nonsignificant see Table 4. As such, we again explicated models separately by gender. The interactive effects of anger or hostility and conflict resolution strategies on the perpetration of physical teen dating violence by girls.
High values correspond with one standard deviation above the mean, and low values correspond with one standard deviation below the mean. The interactive effects of anger or hostility and acceptance of violence on the perpetration of physical teen dating violence by girls. We next tested sexual TDV as the outcome. Among boys, the three-way interaction term was significant see Table 4.
No other simple slopes were significant. The interactive effects of anger or hostility, acceptance of violence, and positive conflict resolution strategies by boys. Among girls, the three-way interaction term was nonsignificant see Table 4. The interactive effects of anger or hostility and positive conflict resolution strategies on sexual TDV perpetration by girls. The interactive effects of anger or hostility and acceptance of violence on the perpetration of sexual TDV by girls. The intent of this research is to identify the factors that may potentially be demonstrated as modifiable risk and protective factors in future exploration with more rigorous longitudinal designs that increase causal speculation.
The findings provide partial support for hypothesized outcomes. Tests of model constraints indicate that parameter estimates differed by gender when considering both physical and sexual TDV outcomes. Among girls, there is no evidence to suggest protective effects of positive CRS. It is hard to reconcile how or why the use of positive constructive strategies to resolve conflict would be associated with the perpetration of TDV among girls. However, social desirability should exert an effect on both positive and negative behaviors; thus, if social desirability was a factor, we should expect to see girls overreporting CRS and underreporting TDV, leading to an exaggerated inverse correlation.
Perhaps it is an issue of awareness or insight into the appropriateness of certain behaviors.
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They may also lack awareness of the degree of hostility with which they express themselves. In other words, these youth may believe they are using healthy and appropriate strategies when in actuality these are hostile and ineffective strategies that are associated with aggressive tactics. Notably, Bookwala et al. Clearly, these results require further exploration, but in the present sample, there is no evidence that positive CRS are deterrents to TDV perpetration among adolescent girls.
When examining physical TDV perpetrated by boys, contrary to expectation there were no significant interactive effects. The primary prevention of TDV has emerged as a public health focus due to the potential for persistent and severe sequelae and because adolescence is a critical developmental period relevant to onset, escalation, and persistence of relationship violence into adulthood Ackard et al. However, the few extant programs shown to be efficacious for TDV prevention have generally proffered modest effects Whitaker et al.
However, very little research has identified the risk and protective factors for TDV that are modifiable Vagi et al. Our results suggest potentially fruitful areas of investigation to identify those factors that may be modifiable to prevent TDV. Specifically, strategies to prevent boys' sexual violence in dating relationships should perhaps not be singularly focused on reducing those risk factors that contribute to violence; rather, prevention might also focus on developing concrete and constructive strategies to express and resolve their negative emotion.
Targeting these risk factors undoubtedly will help mitigate rates of violence in adolescent dating relationships e. However, modification of these factors alone likely will not obviate the threat of other potential risk factors. That is, focusing on enhancing protective factors among youth may potentially buffer against multiple risk factors for violence, whereas focusing on modifying a specific risk factor may only reduce the risk contributed by that factor. Research identifying modifiable protective factors may be fruitful in augmenting prevention effects of existing programs.
For these reasons, the identification of modifiable protective factors is a critical research gap that needs to be filled. Moreover, it is critical to recognize the consequences of such victimization as these girls are at greater risk for suicide and repeated victimization via both sexual and physical violence in dating relationships as young adults Smith et al.
Thus, the prevention of boys' sexual TDV may be most critical during adolescence. For these reasons, we suggest the present findings not be dismissed as chance findings and encourage continued research on the potential protective effects of CRS for TDV. That being said, boys too are victims of both physical and sexual TDV by adolescent girls Reidy et al. As such, prevention strategies focusing on girls' perpetration of TDV should not be neglected.
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In fact, among five tested mediators, reduction in AoV was the most significant mediator of the prevention effects of the Safe Dates program for boys and girls Foshee et al. And indeed, our data suggest that AoV is a pertinent risk factor for both boys' and girls' TDV perpetration. The present findings require replication and extension. Only longitudinal assessment of these risk and protective factors will ultimately allow us to understand how these factors contribute to the development or prevention of violence in dating relationships.
However, they do offer a starting point to develop new, or augment existing, prevention strategies. Future research should expand these findings by including assessment over multiple time periods during adolescence. In a related vein, it remains to be seen whether these potential risk and protective factors are truly modifiable in adolescence.
Likewise, Foshee et al. Nevertheless, in a review of the literature, Johnson and Johnson concluded that CRS and peer mediation programs were effective in training youth to implement constructive versus destructive CRS. Additionally, Foshee et al. Thus, preliminary evidence suggests that these factors may be fertile areas of exploration to identify the modifiable risk and protective factors.
Additionally, it is unclear why CRS would have a differential effect for girls and boys. Of note, Ball et al.
In Search of Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors for Teen Dating Violence
It is possible that this finding is merely statistical artifact or perhaps suggests that our measure does not validly capture the construct in girls. It is possible that examining the moderating effect of gender may reveal the effects of these interventions on CRS for one group of adolescents. Nonetheless, further research must be undertaken with great care to understand and prevent what could potentially be an iatrogenic effect if incorporated into prevention strategies for females. Finally, TDV is a multifaceted phenomenon that is likely dependent on the complex interaction between the dyad and the risk and protective factors possessed by each member of the dyad.
To ultimately understand those contextual factors that give rise to violence in dating relationships, we need to measure at the dyad level.
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Despite these limitations, this is one of the first studies to offer evidence of the possible buffering effects of a potentially modifiable TDV correlate Vagi et al. Although these findings are preliminary, they offer a starting point to develop new prevention strategies and augment existing ones. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author s and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cortina, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Author manuscript; available in PMC Mar Smith-Darden , Poco D. Kernsmith , Dennis E. Reidy , and Kai S. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Requests for reprints should be sent to Joanne P. See other articles in PMC that cite the published article. Extant Prevention Programs Effective primary prevention of TDV has generally consisted of school-based curricula with middle and high school students.
Methods Participants and Procedure One thousand and two hundred and thirty-six adolescents from six school districts in southeast Michigan completed self-administered questionnaires in Open in a separate window. Data Analysis Analyses were performed with Mplus version 7.
Results Table 2 presents means and standard deviations for all variables by gender. Table 2 Means and Standard Deviations. Prevention Implications The primary prevention of TDV has emerged as a public health focus due to the potential for persistent and severe sequelae and because adolescence is a critical developmental period relevant to onset, escalation, and persistence of relationship violence into adulthood Ackard et al.
Limitations The present findings require replication and extension.
Footnotes The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author s and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.