Figure Geologists determine the ages of rocks using the principles of clastic sedimentary rocks do not give meaningful ages because the minerals At best, detrital minerals can only provide the ages of their original source rocks. 2.
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The hard parts of a conodont animal. Metamorphism caused by close proximity to a source of heat, such as an intrusion of magma ; as opposed to regional metamorphism. The theory that continents have shifted their positions over time; now subsumed into the theory of plate tectonics.
A glacier covering a large area and flowing outwards from its accumulation zone under the pressure of its own weight, as distinct from a valley glacier. Glaciers , Ice ages. The continental shelf , slope , and rise. The shallowly sloping approximately 1 degree from horizontal terrain between the continental slope and the abyssal plain.
Detrital zircon geochronology
That part of a continent which is underwater, lying between the unsubmerged portion of a continent and the continental slope. A shallow slope, typically between 4 and 10 degrees from horizontal, found between the continental shelf and the continental rise. A group of marine organisms.
Hard corals secrete skeletons of calcium carbonate and so act as reef -forming organisms. The innermost 3, km of the Earth, composed mainly of iron. A sample of ice or rock recovered from the Earth's crust by drilling. Dust fallen from outer space, i. Although they can be found in pretty much all kinds of sediment, they are proportionally most abundant in pelagic clay due to its slow rate of deposition. Streams of high-energy particles which bombard the Earth from outer space. Of isotopes , produced by cosmic rays. Cosmogenic surface dating , Radiocarbon dating. A method of absolute dating which gives the time since a rock became exposed on the surface.
The rock into which an igneous rock intrudes. A bond between atoms in which they share electrons. Transport of clasts by wind or water by means of rolling them along the ground, river bed, sea bed, etc.
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Mechanical weathering and erosion , Rivers. Bedding in which the beds , instead of being deposited horizontally, are deposited at an angle, as a result of deposition by a current of wind or water; in the simplest case, where the current has a continuous direction, the beds will have a downward slope in the direction of the current.
An igneous rock such as a dike which cuts through the beds of country rock is said to be cross-cutting. The correlation of dates from different sources. The upper layer of the Earth, varying from about 5 - 50 km thick, distinct from the mantle by having a different chemical composition, being composed of less dense and more felsic rocks.
A large molecule composed of smaller chemical units chemically bonded together in a regular repetitive arrangement.
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The shape or shapes in which a mineral will typically grow. One of the seven basic geometrical arrangements in which the atoms of a crystal can be arranged: Very roughly speaking, the temperature above which a material cannot be magnetized and below which it can. A synonym for ring silicate.
The global tectonic rock cycle
A proxy for temperature based on oxygen isotope ratios. Scleroclimatology , Ice cores. The destruction of organic remains by organic processes. Peat and coal , Soils and paleosols , Fossils. A sequence of events in which one isotope decays to another via an intermediate sequence of unstable isotopes. The erosion of fine particles from dry soil by the wind. A lake caused when deflation has caused a hollow the bottom of which lies below the water table.
The body of sediment deposited when a river flows into a lake or the sea. A method of dating wood by studying the annual growth rings produced by the tree. All those processes which add sediment to a surface; the opposite of erosion. An area of exceptionally low rainfall. Note that although the stereotypical desert is hot and sandy, in geological terms a desert is defined solely by a shortage of rain or snow.
A stony surface often found in deserts. Alternative term for a mud crack. Composed of clasts ; synonymous with clastic. A fault is said to be dextral if someone standing on one side of the fault and looking at the other when there is motion along the fault would see the other side moving to the right. A device used in experimental petrology to subject small samples of rock to large amounts of stress. A sedimentary structure formed by one type of sediment flowing upwards through another as a result of pressure. A very light and porous rock formed from diatom tests that have undergone little in the way of compaction and recrystallization.
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A group of single-celled algae which produce siliceous tests ; a major source of siliceous ooze. The mechanism by which an originally homogeneous Earth separated into crust , mantle , and core. A vertical or near-vertical sheet of igneous rock which intrudes into the country rock.
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Igneous rocks , Cross-cutting relationships , Igneous rocks and stratigraphy , Ophiolites. A fault in which much of the motion of the rocks on either side of the fault is vertical: An unconformity in which the underlying strata are parallel with the overlying strata. A substance a solute is said to be dissolved in another substance a solvent if it is mixed with it in such a way as to acquire the phase of the solvent.
Chemistry for geologists , Chemical weathering. A smaller stream flowing out of a larger river, as opposed to a tributary , which flows in. Tidal rhythmites and dating. The union of a terrane with the landmass to which it becomes attached. A structure formed in a rock as friction drags the material in it backwards relative to its motion along a fault.
Any sediment deposited by a glacier. Term for the early supporters of continental drift ; the opposite of "fixists". A stone which has traveled out to sea on a "raft" of ablated glacial ice, and has been deposited when the ice melted. Glaciers , Glacial marine sediment. A smallish hill shaped somewhat like the back of a spoon, deposited by glaciers in a manner not fully understood.
Historical Geology/Glossary and index
A material is said to be ductile if, under stress , it will undergo a great deal of plastic deformation before it breaks. The opposite of brittle. A mound of sand formed by the action of wind or water. An ultramafic rock consisting entirely of olivine. A material is said to be elastic if it recovers from stress: The opposite of plastic. A particle with negative charge and negligible mass found orbiting the nucleus of an atom.